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Anvaya
Anvaya refers to the logical connection of words, as to how different words relate with each other to convey a significant meaning or idea. Literally, ''Anvaya'' (Sanskrit: अन्वय) means - positive; affirmative or nexus; but in grammar and logic this word refers to - 'concordance' or 'agreement', such as the agreement which exists between two things that are present, as between 'smoke' and 'fire', it is universally known that - "where there is smoke, there is fire". However, this word is commonly used in Sanskrit grammar and logic along with the word, ''Vyatireka'', which means - agreement in absence between two things, such as absence of 'smoke' and 'fire' - "where there is no smoke, there is no fire". ''Anvaya-vyatireka'', is the term used by the Buddhists and Hindu logicians as a dual procedure - to signify 'separation' and 'connection', and to indicate a type of inference in which ''hetu'' (reason) is co-present or is co-absent with ''sādhya'' (major term), as the pair of positive and negative instantiations which represent the inductive and the deductive reasoning, both.〔(【引用サイトリンク】author=Shohei Ichimura )〕
==Causal Logic==
The terms ''Anvaya'' and ''Vyatireka'' are used to establish the meaningfulness of 'components'; these terms are also used to ascribe individual meanings to 'components'; 'instrumentality' (''prāmānaya''), 'efficacy' and 'place of purpose' (''artha'') are the 'crucial components' in the process of knowing. The process of knowing involves the concurrent occurrence (''anvaya'') of a certain meaning vis-a-vis a certain linguistic unit, and identifying the absence of a certain meaning vis-a-vis a unit, which effort results in the understanding of a certain specified meaning depending upon the presence of a given 'root' or 'stem' or 'suffix'. With any one of these three essentials taken away or replaced the original meaning is no longer understood or in its place some other meaning arises in the mind of the hearer. This is so because a relationship holds firmly between the evidence and the property to be confirmed. And, the use of concepts and notions requires a notion of sameness not difference; the fact of 'repeatability', 'distribution' or 'continuity' in respect of 'cognition' of things indicates multiple instances of their presence or absence or the very expectation of what is to be obtained or avoided. Even that which can be qualified by a negation has ''anvaya''. Dharmakirti is of the view that for the construction of the sameness required by ''anvaya'' certain limits (''avadhis'') are required to be placed on the causes and effects which are the foci, and which cannot be without some notion of sameness.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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